Suchergebnisse

El objetivo de este trabajo es medir la relación de las universidades con la investigación. Se trata de situar a cada universidad en escalas relativas de capacidad investigadora, de esfuerzo u orientación hacia la investigación y de excelencia investigadora. El método utilizado se basa en el análisis de los resultados agregados de la competencia que los investigadores desarrollan por la financiación pública de la I+D. El periodo utilizado para la construcción de los datos corresponde a los proyectos de I+D financiados por la Administración General del Estado entre 1996 y 2001, a través de los Programas Nacionales de I+D y del Programa de Promoción General del Conocimiento (PGC). De modo singular se analizarán las actividades de investigación en el ámbito de las Ciencias Sociales y Económicas.

Authorised by CSIC authors' magazine ; Peer Reviewed ; Authorised by CSIC authors' magazine ; Con autorización de la revista para autores CSIC

Peer reviewed ; Publicado en: S. Avveduto, comp., Fostering the development of human resources, 241-274, Roma: Biblink Editori, 2004 This paper presents a government policy initiative aimed to increase the number of researchers in the Public Research Sector and to cope with the problem of employability and stabilisation of people holding a PhD and working in research in Spain and abroad. The paper explains the way in which policy makers link problems and solutions and presents a policy case that deals with Spain's main problems in S&T human resources, in the context of a policy sequence.

Publicado en: S. Avveduto, comp., Fostering the development of human resources, 241-274, Roma: Biblink Editori, 2004 ; This paper presents a government policy initiative aimed to increase the number of researchers in the Public Research Sector and to cope with the problem of employability and stabilisation of people holding a PhD and working in research in Spain and abroad. The paper explains the way in which policy makers link problems and solutions and presents a policy case that deals with Spain's main problems in S&T human resources, in the context of a policy sequence. ; Peer reviewed

Paper presented at the Joint Mexico-OECD Conference on International Public/private Partnerships for Innovation, 2-3 December 2002, Puerto Vallarta (México) ; This paper aims to analyse the dynamics of relationships between public and private sector in the context of S&T policies and to present some experiences of Public/private partnerships (PP/Ps) in relation to innovation policy. It also attempts an understanding of the forces and factors that explain the increase of collaboration between public and private sectors, and its growing relevance in the discourse of S&T policies. The argument I put forward is that the general emphasis on public-private collaboration in science, technology and innovation policies is not only the outcome of a process of changing rationales for policy intervention to cope with problems of efficiency and implementation of traditional policies (OECD, 2002b), but also the result of general factors such as: some concrete S&T policy legacies, the overall Spanish political context emphasis on consensus, the tradition of corporatist arrangements, and the general concern on Industry-Science Relationship (ISR) issues, such as technology transfer and R&D collaboration.

The paper builds on many inputs from ASTPP network members, in particular from presentations at the First ASTPP Workshop in Madrid, June 1996. Special thanks to Dennis Loveridge. The paper was presented in a workshop in Strasbourg, 16-17 December 1996. ; Science and technology had been professional practices that from their origins had set up mechanism for internal control. Research evaluation could be seen as a system for control of the quality and relevance of the results of research. The most common this control practices had been peer review. When patrons, mainly the State, developed the research funding system formal peer review procedures started to be used and developed as instruments for allocation of funds to research institutions and groups. This extension of the internal control mechanisms of science to the allocation of funds for research had become a widely used instrument, in particular in the realm of basic and fundamental research, and a central element of the legitimisation cycle. The development of the so called strategic R&D programmes show the extension of steering activities, selecting priorities, and direct allocating funds by governments. At the same time the increase relevance of technology and innovation issues in government agendas helped the development and consolidation of specialised S&T policy-making bodies and bureaucracies; new actors in the RTD system, that have different needs of information and knowledge about the S&T dynamics and process, through whom new ideas of S&T (policy) evaluation were introduced. Evaluation is "examining" or "making judgements" (all cognitive process for action include assessments), and policy evaluation could be understood as part of the historical process of development of tools and information systems for public management. But the development of evaluation of S&T policies had evolved mainly from the transformation of the professional control practices of researchers and from the specific forms of management of RTD programmes. The term S&T policy evaluation include activities and practices that usually looks back at the past performance of programmes or policies (or sometimes as they are implemented, as in continuous or real-time evaluation) and they are part of the S&T policy cycle as is traditionally described (design, implementation, monitoring, evaluation, redesign). S&T policy evaluation refers to "retrospective or ongoing examination" of programme performance or impacts. There are other practices such as appraisal that refers to the activities developed at the beginning of a programme or project (what is sometimes called ex-ante evaluation, often related to a selection process for funding or other purposes) or monitoring. In general, evaluation and monitoring can be seen as part of control activities in the policy cycle, with few differences in addition to the more or less "judgement" and to their position in the temporal sequence of the "policy process". The boundaries between those activities are fuzzy and subject to interpretations; depending on the country, the organisational arrangements to carry on those activities diverge in important ways; the use and impacts of evaluations are highly local and contextual; and they are developed in specific national settings and arrangements.

Sanz Menéndez, L. (1996).La construcción institucional de la política científica y tecnológica en el franquismo. Redes, 6 (3), 77-123 ; Para comprender la situación actual de la investigación científica y del desarrollo tecnológico en España es un requisito necesario explorar la herencia institucional y organizativa de la posguerra española, resultado de batallas y procesos políticos que se produjeron dentro del régimen franquista. Desde este marco el presente artículo pretende hacer una breve revisión de la historia reciente, de algunos hechos y aspectos de las actividades de investigación científica y el desarrollo técnico en España, pero sobre todo de las acciones del estado con relación a los mismos. Se comienza por la primera manifestación de intenciones del nuevo régimen en relación con la ciencia, plasmada en la constitución del csic, cuya organización y funciones le otorgarán un papel clave en el sistema español de l+D. Luego se aborda la etapa de crecimiento económico y de los planes de desarrollo y el papel que se pretendía otorgar a la investigación y a la tecnología en el desarrollo español. Finalmente, a través de esta descripción se llega hasta el comienzo de la transición a la democracia. ; In order to understand the current situation of scientific research and technological development in Spain, it is necessary to explore the institutional and organizational legacy of the Spanish post-war period, an outcome of battles and political processes that took place during Franco's regime. Within this framework, this article presents a concise revision of recent history, of some facts and aspects of scientific research and technological development in Spain, mainly steps taken by the State with regard to them. The article presents the first evidence of intentions from the new regime toward science in the creation of csic, an organization whose structure and aims give a key role to the Spanish system of R+D. Then the author discusses the stage of economic growth and Plans for Development, and the role that research and technology were to have in the Spanish development. Lastly, through this description, the author reaches the beginnings of the transition period toward democracy.

Publicado en: International Journal of Technology Management, 10: 622-641, 1995. ; This article reviews Spanish science and technology policy in the eighties. It assumes that these policies are not only the results of rational choice processes, but also the outcome of institutional arrangements and political battles. ; Peer reviewed

La reflexión comienza considerando el equívoco que habitualmente se produce -tanto en Ias políticas estatales como en ciertas teorizaciones sobre el desarrollo- a través de la identificación entre desarrollo económico e industrialización (especialmente cuando ésta es intensiva). Se analizan las políticas de desarrollo regional seguidas por cl Estado español para el desarrollo de las zonas «atrasadas» de Galicia: el Gran Area de Expansión Industrial d e Galicia (GAEIG). Del amilisis de los expedientes administrativos de concesión de beneficios. Fiscales y económicos, durante un período de cinco años, a las empresas que solicitaron instalarse en la costa de Lugo. se concluye: El Estado ha potenciado y financiado preferentemente la acumulación de capital en determinados sectores, intensivos en capital, y ha favorecido a determinadas empresas: eso sí, asegurando siempre en primer lugar la realización de los intereses de la fracción hegemónica del gran capital. ; This article discusses the role of the state in promoting industrialization processes in rural areas. It begins with an analysis of the common assumption (in state policy as well as in some theoretical schools of economic development) that considers industrialization, to be the only way of achieving economic development. The second part analyzes the regional development policy of the Spanish Government in the 70's, especially its role in the development of such backward areas as Galicia (GAEIG). It studies the fiscal and economic, aid, grants and other kinds of official support for those companies who set up factories in the coastal area of Lugo (Northwest of Spain) . All these analyses refer to one five year period. The article concludes that the State has promoted and supported capital accumulation, specially in some capital intensive sector and some companies, and has always protected the interests of hegemonic groups of capital

Publicado en: S. Dresner y N. Gilbert (eds.), Changing European Research System, 28-51, Aldershot: Ashgate Press, 2000 ; By looking at the role of ideas in EU policy-making, this article partly contests other explanations on the evolution of EU RTD policy. Our claim is that the cognitive dimension of policy framing should also be considered in the explanation, alongside the roles of institutional dynamics and of material conditions. Bringing ideas back in, we provide a new account of the historical evolution of EU RTD policy, which has been moving from a frame of science policy to technology policy, and lately to innovation policy. Special emphasis will be placed on explaining this latest move, as the current 'innovation turn' brings about a re-interpretation of the boundaries between RTD policy and other policies. The conclusion will sum up the arguments, focusing especially on the current transformations of this EU policy. ; Peer reviewed

Abstract
In addition to promoting reforms, governments foster change in university systems through funding, competition, and new policy instruments. Little research has been conducted on how research centre funding schemes support organizational changes in universities and on their institutional and policy barriers. This article addresses the research centre funding schemes implemented by the regional government of Galicia (Spain) in 2016. The approach is observational and based on documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews with key actors. The regional government sought to encourage organizational differentiation by increasing the autonomy of centres inside the universities and to enhance strategic research agendas, reinforcing the scientific authority of the centres' directors. We found that the design and operation of the instrument in the context of the existing university governance system, and the interaction with other funding instruments within the policy mix, may create barriers that hinder the effectiveness of the funding scheme.

El sistema de investigación es altamente dependiente de los recursos que le suministra el sistemapolítico. Los investigadores tienen la expectativa de que el gasto público en I+D aumente,pero el encarecimiento de la investigación y la emergencia de problemas financieros de losgobiernos han hecho perder relevancia en la agenda política a la ejecución directa de la I+D. Esasituación se ha observado en los centros de investigación de titularidad estatal en España, quehan disminuido su peso en el conjunto de la actividad investigadora, mientras aumentaban losmecanismos de financiación competitiva como método de intervención gubernamental.La reducción de las ayudas directas es un problema que afecta a las condiciones de ejecuciónde la investigación, tanto para los investigadores como para los centros. El objetivo de este artículoes analizar cómo un conjunto de centros de investigación públicos han respondido a lareducción de recursos transferidos directamente por la Administración. Tras constatar la diversidadde respuestas para adaptarse y hacer frente al descenso de las transferencias directas del Estado,se construye una explicación de carácter institucionalista basada en el nivel y el tipo de autonomíade que disponen los centros y los investigadores.

Research funding is a tool for governments to promote change in universities. Governments have tried to steer universities «from a distance» by changing the ways in which they are funded and enhancing evaluation. The article analyses a funding instrument for university R&D centres of the Xunta de Galicia, its rationale and the mechanisms through which change is promoted. It also analyses how the outcomes pursued are conditioned by the existing instruments and by institutional constraints. The study confirms that progress in the objectives pursued by one instrument may be limited by others instruments, in the absence of coherence in the instrument-mix; also that institutional constraints, derived from the university governance model, may hinder the transformation of university research structures. It is concluded that competitive funding schemes for R&D centres can have a transformative capacity, sometimes through changes not intended by public decision-makers; but the influence of the governance model, other instruments and actors are decisive in the intensity and direction of the changes. ; La financiación de la investigación es una herramienta de los gobiernos para promover cambios en las universidades. Los gobiernos han intentado guiar «a distancia» a las universidades cambiando las formas de financiación y potenciando la evaluación. El artículo analiza un instrumento de financiación de centros universitarios de I+D de la Xunta de Galicia, su fundamentación lógica y los mecanismos a través de los cuales se promueve el cambio institucional. Asimismo, analiza también cómo los resultados perseguidos se ven condicionados por los instrumentos existentes y por las restricciones institucionales. El estudio confirma que el avance en los objetivos de un instrumento puede verse limitado port otros, en ausencia de coherencia de la cartera de instrumentos; y también que las limitaciones institucionales, derivadas del modelo de gobernanza universitaria, pueden convertirse en obstáculos para la transformación de las estructuras de investigación. Se concluye que los programas de financiación competitiva de centros de I+D pueden tener una capacidad transformadora, en ocasiones a través de cambios no esperados por los decisores públicos; pero que la influencia del modelo de gobernanza, del resto de instrumentos y el comportamiento de los actores condiciona la intensidad y la dirección de los cambios.